Machine generated contents note: 1.Introduction -- 2.The Biology of Natural Structural Materials -- 3.The Cylindrical Form -- 4.Bone, the Internal Skeleton of Vertebrates -- 5.Antler, External Bone -- 6.Ivory, Teeth Large Enough to Trade -- 1.Introduction -- 2.Physeter and Orca -- 3.Narwhal -- 4.Pearly Concentrations---Ivory Pearls -- 5.Walrus -- 6.Pigs, Suidae -- 7.Hippopotamus -- 8.Elephants, Mammoths, and Mastodons -- 9.Discussion---Laminar Architectures -- Conclusions -- 7.Keratin, the External Skelet on of Vertebrates -- 1.Introduction, Keratin Eaters -- 2.Keratin Derivatives -- 3.Skin, Vellum, and Leather -- 4.Scales and Tortoiseshell -- 5.Hooves, Claws, and Beaks -- 6.Horns -- 7.Hair, Wool, and Quills -- 8.Whale Baleen -- 9.Rhinoceros Horn -- 10.Fea thers -- 8.Other Materials -- 9.Artifacts and Antiques -- 10.Curating, Restoring, and Repairing -- 11.Glossary -- 12.References -- 13.Acknowledgments -- 14.Conclusion.